To save your own styles when you are in CAS, you change the patterns, and/or colors as you are in CAS and then click on the folder icon to save them to your library immediately. There is also an option to make a sims3pack (export the file).
When you are done playing your game, in your Documents> Electronic Arts>The Sims3>Exports folder, you should see a little .sims3pack file. You can remove the file to a
backup drive, or put it in your downloads folder and install it.
If you clicked the folder icon to save in-game, the outfit or whatever you modified will be there. The .sims3pack file is a good
backup if you have to reinstall your game. I would suggest you put that in a safe place as a backup.
With the Sims3pack, you can also extract it to a .package file using the
http://modthesims.info/d/364038, making sure you tick the rename package so it doesn't come up as a bunch of numbers.
The folder icon means it is in your library, and the star icon means it is custom content you have installed via the download launcher (unless it is an EA store item, which will have the shopping bag icon, the plumbob for a specific expansion or nothing at all if it is base game).
If you want to create a custom sim for your future use, it is the same thing - once you create them with all their outfits, you not only save them to your library, but export the file to a Sims3pack, and you will have a
backup for future use.